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NMC batteries
Features of the new generation of batteries
The nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC, NCM) battery with improved cathode material is pushing the boundaries again. This has been expected ever since manufacturers such as SK Innovation and LG Chem announced its development.
The NMC 811 will be a “better and cheaper” vehicle that will take electric vehicles beyond the 500 km (~300 mile) range and will soon reach price parity with the internal combustion engine.
Forecasters have been talking about this news for a long time, but the industry knows little about this technology. In general, NMC 811 technology has been known for a long time and has been the focus of research, government or industry laboratories for some time.
Here are answers to some questions that are interesting - based on published data and peer-reviewed scientific studies.
The NMC 811 will be a “better and cheaper” vehicle that will take electric vehicles beyond the 500 km (~300 mile) range and will soon reach price parity with the internal combustion engine.
Forecasters have been talking about this news for a long time, but the industry knows little about this technology. In general, NMC 811 technology has been known for a long time and has been the focus of research, government or industry laboratories for some time.
Here are answers to some questions that are interesting - based on published data and peer-reviewed scientific studies.
What is the
battery with NMC 811 technology
battery with NMC 811 technology
NMC 811 is a cathode composition containing 80% nickel, 10% manganese and 10% cobalt. It is essentially an improvement on what is already on the market, not a new chemical composition.
NMC (Ni-Mn-Co) cathodes with Ni-Mn-Co compositions have been around for 20 years, with publications and patents appearing as early as the mid-2000s (1). After the initial commercial success of NMC 111 (⅓ Ni, ⅓ Mn, ⅓ Mn, ⅓ Co - also abbreviated as NMC 333) battery production. Such batteries for electric vehicles have become common and are used in the BMW i3, the Chevy Bolt or the new Nissan Leaf (on the Tesla side, it is the Tesla Powerwall)
The global industry is constantly improving the production of batteries, in particular improving the technology.
NMC - constantly increasing the nickel content in each generation of cathodes - NMC433, NMC532 and the last one - NMC622. The characteristic of these batteries is a reduction in weight and an increase in capacity, which in the case of electric vehicles leads to a longer range.
To compare the NMC technology, a close battery cell (in terms of chemical composition) is a rechargeable battery made by NCA technology (manufacturer Panasonic and Tesla). In this case, NCA cathodes contain 80% nickel (Ni) and 15% cobalt (Co), and are “alloyed” with aluminum rather than manganese. (see Table 1)
NMC (Ni-Mn-Co) cathodes with Ni-Mn-Co compositions have been around for 20 years, with publications and patents appearing as early as the mid-2000s (1). After the initial commercial success of NMC 111 (⅓ Ni, ⅓ Mn, ⅓ Mn, ⅓ Co - also abbreviated as NMC 333) battery production. Such batteries for electric vehicles have become common and are used in the BMW i3, the Chevy Bolt or the new Nissan Leaf (on the Tesla side, it is the Tesla Powerwall)
The global industry is constantly improving the production of batteries, in particular improving the technology.
NMC - constantly increasing the nickel content in each generation of cathodes - NMC433, NMC532 and the last one - NMC622. The characteristic of these batteries is a reduction in weight and an increase in capacity, which in the case of electric vehicles leads to a longer range.
To compare the NMC technology, a close battery cell (in terms of chemical composition) is a rechargeable battery made by NCA technology (manufacturer Panasonic and Tesla). In this case, NCA cathodes contain 80% nickel (Ni) and 15% cobalt (Co), and are “alloyed” with aluminum rather than manganese. (see Table 1)
Table 1 Comparison of different battery chemistries, LCO, NCA and NMC, and their elemental composition (data obtained from Fu et al.(2)).
Nickel in battery packs - is it justified?
As battery manufacturing practice shows Ni content is important for capacity improvement, so a 20% increase over NMC622 (or 50% over NMC111) increases the capacity of NMC 811 to 200 mA * h / g (at an average discharge potential of ≈3.8 V) (3). Not a giant leap, but much better than current-generation NMC cathodes, and manufacturing trends indicate that the technology will dominate the battery industry in the near future. (See Table 2)
(Note - comparison is tentative because each value represents the average capacity from several studies, however, with the same trip voltages and discharge rates (4); exact values differ from industry and commercial studies).
(Note - comparison is tentative because each value represents the average capacity from several studies, however, with the same trip voltages and discharge rates (4); exact values differ from industry and commercial studies).
Table 2 Comparison of NMC cathode composition and their capacitance
The economics of NMC811 technology
The main argument in favor of NMC 811 is that less cobalt is required - 10%, compared to 20% in NMC 622 (or ~33% in NMC 111). And that means savings because cobalt is an expensive component with a complex supply chain that accounts for ¼ of the cost of the element (5).
While nickel and manganese prices are relatively low and stable, the cost of cobalt has soared 200%, rising from ~$35,000 per ton to>$75,000 in 2017 alone.
NMC 811 manufacturing, storage, and integration will be more complex than its predecessors. However, manufacturers will learn, customize, and scale processes, and it will start to pay off. And not only because of the low cobalt content of the NMC 811, but also because of the high performance and energy density, the end price will be more attractive.
NMC 811 manufacturing, storage, and integration will be more complex than its predecessors. However, manufacturers will learn, customize, and scale processes, and it will start to pay off. And not only because of the low cobalt content of the NMC 811, but also because of the high performance and energy density, the end price will be more attractive.
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TIN: 9718220288 KPP: 771801001
Legal address: Moscow, Elektrozavodskaya St., 21, office 205.